文法b

１１）我隻身來到香港，又不會說廣東話，又不會寫中國字，真的很不方便。	1) I arrived in Hong Kong alone, could neither speak Cantonese, nor write Chinese, and was truly very uncomfortable. *2) With no knowledge of spoken Cantonese or written Chinese things were very difficult for me when I arrived alone in Hong Kong. *3) It was very difficult when I arrived in Hong Kong; I was alone and could neither speak Cantonese nor write Chinese. Note 1: This sentence can be divided into three parts including the phrases: Ａ：我隻身來到香港 Ｂ：又不會說廣東話，又不會寫中國字 Ｃ：真的很不方便 As there are no conjunctions connecting these three parts, it is difficult to identify a proper base pattern and precise translation. What can be determined with good clarity is the existence of an event (Part Ａ), a pair of conditions (Part Ｂ), and a feeling or predicament (Part Ｃ) felt by the same person who experiences the event and who is subject to the pair of conditions -- namely, 我. Another observable pattern is the negative crescendo beginning with the first occurrence of 不會 and ending with the doubly modified 不方便 . Indeed, it is this increasing negativism that suggests 真的很不方便 is the natural result of what precedes. Although the first translation is structurally precise, the second and third translations appear to capture better the author's intended meaning. Note 2: Were a base pattern for this sentence to be assigned it would probably be Ａ，又不會Ｂ，又不會Ｃ，真的很不Ｄ where 又不會Ｂ，又不會Ｃare two negative conditions that exist whenＡoccurs, and 真的很Ｄis the negative result of the event and conditions. Note 3: The phrasing 又不會Ｂ，又不會Ｃis simply a special case of the more general negative phrasing 又不Ｂ，又不Ｃ（neither Ｂ, nor C） and the more general positive phrasing 又Ｂ，又Ｃ（Ｂand Ｃ）. Important is the repeated phrasing 不會 that precedes Ｂand Ｃand provides the necessary parallel structure. Note 4: The two characters 真的 should be treated together as a single adverb meaning truly or verily. Note 5: 廣東話 (Cantonese) is the principle language of the Chinese province of Canton 廣東省 and differs fundamentally, both in pronunciation and grammar, from written Mandarin 中文 or spoken Han 普通話 （Potunghua）. Hong Kong children learn written Chinese 中文 using spoken Cantonese 廣東話 and traditional Chinese characters 繁體 （fan tai）. As a result many Cantonese words and phrases, and sometimes even grammar, enter into the written language that are not a part of either written （中文） or spoken （普通話 or 國語） Mandarin. In effect, even if a Hong Kong child were able to speak what he wrote using spoken Mandarin/Han 國語, he would likely be recognized as coming from either Canton （廣東省） or Hong Kong （香港） by a native Mandarin speaker. Although Cantonese speakers living in Canton and Hong Kong can understand each other well, there are small, but important differences that separate these two dialects. Note 6: The phrase 我隻身來到香港 is of the pattern 我Ｅ來到Ｆwhere Ｆis a point of arrival that one reaches in some manner Ｅ. In this case, the point of arrival is Hong Kong 香港 and the manner in which one arrives is alone (or without money) 隻身. In simplified Chinese one writes 只身 to mean the same as 隻身. Note 7: The phrase 真的很不方便 can be best understood by the following sequence: convenient 方便 inconvenient 不方便 very inconvenient 很不方便 truly, very inconvenient 真的很不方便 Important to notice is that the adverb 很 (very) is placed before the negating adverb 不, rather than after. For example, although one can say "very inconvenient" in English, one would never say "very not convenient". Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1569344
１２）「沒有消息便是好消息」這是不是一句英文成語呢？	"No news is good news" is an English saying, isn't it? Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is 「Ａ］這是不是Ｂ呢？　The speaker wishes to confirm whether Ａ is Ｂ. In this case, Ａis a quoted Chinese expression of an English saying. Note 2: The juxtaposition of the pronoun-subject 這 preceded by a noun-phrase at the beginning of a Chinese sentence appears to be commonplace. The absence of a comma between the two parts of speech can be easily explained by the presence of the corner brackets. Note 3: The phrasing Ａ是不是Ｂ呢 is a common way of seeking confirmation with regard to some bit of information believed to be true by the speaker. Note 4: The base pattern of the quoted statement is given by 沒有Ｃ便是Ｄwhere Ｄis the natural result of not having Ｃ. As the word 便 is not included in the English expression one is obligated to understand its presence. The characters 便 and 就 are interchangeable in this context. With this in mind, the Chinese interpretation of the English expression suggests that all of the news received, up until the statement is made, has been bad. Thus, the sudden appearance of no news suggests that things have taken a turn for the better. In summary, the appearance of 便 suggests change from a bad situation to a good situation precipitated by an assumed, unknown event. As this is certainly an acceptable interpretation of the English expression, nothing more need be said. After all, in this instance we are looking for an English, close equivalent of the Chinese text -- not an exact translation. Note 5: As it is customary to form adjectives from nouns by adding the particle 的 after the noun used as a modifier of a subsequent noun, one could easily rewrite the phrase 「一句英文成語」 as 「一句英文的成語」 with no change in meaning. As Chinese are wont to leave out the word 的 where its absence does not cause confusion, the first rendering is likely more natural to the native Chinese ear. Note 6: The word 句 is the counter for Chinese sentences and sayings. Thus, the phrase 一句成語 translates as "a saying". Another counter that can be used for this same purpose is 條; it is commonly used to count things that are long and narrow -- like, a written sentence. Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1570842 Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1570844
１３）中國人過年的時候都吃雞，這是他們的風俗。	It is Chinese custom to eat chicken during the New Year holiday. Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ａ，這是Ｂwhere Ｂis a restatement of what Ａis. Note 2: The construction 這是Ｂis that of a simple pronoun-subject and its predicate noun 是Ｂ. The referent of the pronoun-subject is the entire preceding sentence part -- namely, Part Ａ. Note 3: The base pattern of Part Ａ is given by ＣＤ的時候都ＥＦwhere ＥＦis what Ｃdoes at time Ｄ. In this case the Chinese people 中國人 eat chicken 吃雞 during the New Year holiday 過年的時候. The appearance of the adverb 都 likely refers back to the subject 中國人. It indicates that all Chinese people are included in the speaker's thought. Note 4: The phrase 過年 (Chinese Spring Festival) refers to the passage of time from the old to the new Chinese calendar year. This is probably the most celebrated holiday in Chinese culture. The Chinese calendar year begins on the second new moon after the winter solstice (the shortest day and longest night of the year). The non-appearance of the new moon also marks the first day of 過年 (Special Topics -- a discussion about the differences between the lunar and solar New Years). Note 5: Part Ｂof the sentence part 這是Ｂis that of a noun modified by another noun and of the form Ｈ的Ｇ. The modified noun is 風俗 (custom, habit, tradition) and the modifying noun phrase is 他們的. The phrase 他們 is, of course, the plural form of 他. The modified noun phrase 他們的風俗 translates as "their custom" where 他們 refers back to the subject of the previous sentence part -- namely, 中國人. Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1571826 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1
１４）這隻蛋那麼大，我相信裡面有很多蛋白質，你以為是雞蛋，還是火雞蛋呢？	This egg is so big! The inside must be filled with protein. What do you think? Is it the egg that of a chicken or a turkey? Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is given by Ａ，Ｂ，你以為是Ｃ，還是Ｄ呢？where Ａ and Ｂare two observations made by the speaker that prompt him to ask the listener about the nature of something. The listener is asked to choose between Ｃ and Ｄ. Grammatically speaking there is little in this sentence that we have not seen before. Note 2: The base pattern of Part Ａis given by Ｅ那麼Ｆwhere 那麼Ｆis a predicate adjective that modifies Ｅand indicates a degree of modification beyond what is normally expected. In this case, the modified noun-subject is an egg that is believed by the speaker to be abnomally large. (See 噉 under Special Topics for further clarification with regard to the use of 那麼.) Note 3: The base pattern of PartＢis also quite standard and assumes the form Ｆ相信Ｈ有很多Ｇwhere Ｈis a place that Ｆbelieves to contain a lot of Ｇ. In this case, the speaker 我 believes 相信 that the inside of the egg 裡面 mentioned in Part Ａcontains 有 much 很多 protein 蛋白質. Note 4: The verb 相信 apparently expresses a belief about the way something is or is not. It expresses a firm or strong opinion about a thing. Note 5: The sentence part 你以為是Ｃ，還是Ｄ呢？can be simplified into two base patterns -- namely, 你以為Ｊ呢？ and 是Ｃ，還是Ｄ. The pattern 你以為Ｊ呢？is a question format that challenges the veracity of what follows. In this case the speaker wants to whether something is Ｃor Ｄ. Note 6: We learn a another use of the counter 隻. It can be used to count both birds and their eggs. Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1573054
１５）要是開車的時候，還不清楚交通規例，便很容易會發生意外了。	Accidents can easily occur when drivers are unclear about traffic regulations. Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is given by 要是Ａ，便Ｂ了whereＢis the result of Ａ's being present. In this case Ｂis not something that does occur; rather, it is something that is more likely to occur when Ａis present. Here again, we observe an instance where 便 and 就 are interchangeable and where both anticipate the result of a preceding condition or event. The presence of 了 at the end of the sentence suggests the presence of an inevitable or logical outcome in a series of events. Note 2: The base pattern of Part Ａ is difficult to establish because of the awkward placement of the comma between the phrases 開車的時候 and 還不清楚交通規例. Placing a comma between these phrases makes it appear as if 要是 and Ｃ的時候 hang together. This is clearly not the case. Although relatively easy to decipher, even the phrasing 還不清楚交通規例 is grammatically awkward. The phrase 交通規例 is clearly a noun. This means that it is either the object of an unstated verb, or the subject of the clause. If it is the subject, then the phrase 不清楚 clearly modifies it, and becomes a predicate adjective placed before its subject. It may be that placing predicate adjectives before the subjects they modify is a common feature of the Chinese language. If this is true, then we must remain vigilant and see, if this same pattern does not repeat itself. In any case, compare the provided Chinese text with a different Chinese rendering of the same idea -- namely, 「開車時不懂交通規例」Here the base pattern is more easily identified as Ｃ時不ＤＥwhereＥis the object of the transitive verb Ｄ, and where the phrase Ｃ時 serves as a temporal modifier of Ｄ. The subject is understood and is, of course, the driver of the vehicle. Note 3: The base pattern of Part Ｂ is given by Ｆ會發生Ｇ whereＧis something that can be brought about by someone or something else, and where Ｆis the manner in which Ｇ is brought about when Ｇ occurs. The subject of the verb phrase 會發生 is understood and appears to be the driver of the automobile whose knowledge of the traffic regulations is unclear. In effect, the same understood object applies to all sentence parts. What can be brought about is, of course, an accident 意外. The manner is which it can be brought about is 很容易. Note 4: The phrase 交通規例 appears to be a colloquial Hong Kong expression. Source: http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/ Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1577050
１６）住在美國的時候，每天早上，我都到湖邊走走，那裡的風景真美。	When I was still living in the United States, I would go to the lake every morning and walk around. It was very beautiful. Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is given by 「Ｃ的時候，每天Ｄ，Ａ都到Ｂ走走，Ｅ」 where Ｂis a place to where Ａwould go every day to walk around when Ａ was in/at Ｃ. Ｅis an afterthought that explains why Ａwould go to Ｂwhile at ＢＡ . Alternatively, Ｅ describes a discovery that Ａmade during his frequent visits to Ｂ. As there is no conjunction between the afterthought and the rest of the sentence, it is probably best to render the aferthought as a separate sentence without a precise logical connection. Note 2 (Punctuation): As it is normal to place adverbial expressions of time between the subject and the verb, the phrases Ｃ的時候 and 每天Ｄare somewhat out of place. Consider the following reconstruction: 「 住在美國的時候，我每天早上都到湖邊走走，Ｅ」. In this sentence the phrase 每天早上 is properly placed, but the notions of time are separated. The phrase 住在美國的時候 becomes a grammatically disattached introduction to the sentence that follows. This is a common practice in both Japanese and Chinese writing. Thus, the isolation of the phrase 每天早上 may be explained by the author's wish to place all adverbial notions of time together without destroying the integrity of the phrasing 每天．．都．．. This was only possible by alerting the reader to the change through comma placement. Note 3: The phrase 住在美國 in the construction Ｃ的時候 is worth noting as the prepositional phrase 在美國 occurs after the verb 住 rather than before it, as is customary. Apparently, it is common practice to write either 住在美國 or 在美國住 with no change in meaning. This flexibility is unlikely mere coincidence, as there are many Chinese words of the form Ｆ在, such as 存在 (exist) 潜在 (latent, hidden), 自在 (free, unrestrained), 設在 (located, established), etc. Thus, what appears to be grammatically awkward reflects an otherwise frequently observed pattern, whether it is grammatically meaningful in this context or not. A perhaps more proper expression of residence is 在Ｈ居住. Note 4: The phrasing Ａ到Ｂ走走 is not new and of the more general form Ａ到ＢＣ, where Ｂis a place where Ａgoes to perform Ｃ. Also, as we have previously seen, 走走 is very proper Chinese and means to "walk around" or "go about". In this instance, the speaker goes to a lake 湖 along whose edge 湖邊 he walks about. Note 5: The base pattern of the speaker's observation, explanation, or discovery -- namely, 裡邊的風景真美 -- is that of a modified subject and its predicate adjective. The modified subject is, of course, 裡邊的風景 and the predicate adjective is 真美. The term 裡邊的 refers to the area where the scenery 風景 is very truly beautiful 真美. Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1579060
１７）她偷偷的告訴我，明天是張小姐的生日，我一定要送一件好的禮物給她。	She told me in secret that tomorrow is Miss Zheung's birthday, and that I must not fail to give her a present. Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is Ａ告訴Ｂ，Ｃ，Ｄ where Ｃand Ｄ are something that Ａ tells Ｂ. Note 2: The manner in which Ａ tells Ｂis indicated by the phrase 偷偷的. Though considered acceptable Chinese by some, this phrasing contradicts what we know to be correct written Mandarin. As 偷偷 is an adjective used to modify the verb 告訴, it would be more appropriate to write it in its proper adverbial form 偷偷地. (Return to S.18, N.2) Note 3: What Ａtells Ｂis given by the phrases 明天是張小姐的生日 and 我一定要送一件好的禮物給她. Though no conjunction is provided between these two sentence parts, interpreting their relationship poses no problem, as it is common to give a present to someone on his or her birthday. Note 4: The base pattern for Part Ｃis clearly Ｅ是Ｆwhere Ｆis a predicate noun telling what Ｅ(the subject) is. In particular, Part Ｆis the modified noun 張小姐的生日 (Miss Siu's birthday), and Part Ｅis tomorrow 明天. Note 5: The base pattern for Part Ｄis given by Ｂ一定要ＧＨ給ＪwhereＪis the receiver of the action ＧＨinitiated by Ｂ. ＧＨ給Ｊis something that Ｂmust perform without fail 一定要. In this case, the speaker 我 has been told that he must present 送 a quality birthday present 一件好的禮物 to Miss Siu 給小姐. Apparently, the character 件 is the counter used for birthday presents 件. The base pattern of the phrase 一件好的禮物 is given by 一件（好的）禮物, where 好的 is an adjectival modifier of 一件禮物. Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1581532
１８）昨晩有一個人偷偷的走進我家，我大叫：「有賊呀！有賊呀！」	There was someone sneaking into the house last night, and I called out, "Thief! There's a thief!" Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ｃ，Ａ大叫：「Ｂ！」where Ｃis some event that precedes Ａ's calling out Ｂ. As there is no conjunction between the sentence parts C and Ａ大叫 we must be careful not to assume a causal relationship, even though one appears obvious. Note 2: The base pattern of Part Ｃ -- namely, 昨晚有一個人偷偷的走進我家 -- is given by 有Ｄ走進Ｅwhere Ｅis a place that Ｄenters. The construction 有Ｄindicates the presence of someone, and the phrase 走進Ｅtell what action that someone takes when present. We know that the person's presence and action were in the past. This we are told by the temporal adverb 昨晚 (last night). The postpositional phrase 偷偷的 (or 偷偷地, see Sentence 17, Note 2 above) means stealthily, secretly, without being detected. It behaves as an adverb of manner describing how the person enters. Note 3: The verb phrase 走進我家 means "enter the house (of the speaker)" and is of the general form 走進Ｅwhere Ｅis the place that Ｄ（一個人）enters. One official definition of the word 走進 is 步行進入 (walk and enter). In this context, however, the meaning of 走 is probably not well described by 步行. Note 4: The phrase 「有賊呀！」 can be translated in a variety of ways. Important is that the presence of the thief is made known, and that the message is given with some urgency. The post-sentence particle 呀 likely expresses this sense of urgency. Source: http://140.111.34.46/jdict/main/cover/main.htm Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1582598 Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1582602
１９）高先生是這間警局的警官，不是警察。	Mr. Ko is the station sergeant here -- not just any police officer. Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ａ是Ｂ，不是Ｃ where ＢandＣare two things that Ａcould be, but onlyＢis correct. In this case Ａappears to be the officer in charge 警官 of a particular police station 這間警局. The speaker differentiates between him and an ordinary police officer 警察 (constable). Note 2: In this context the word 警察 clearly refers to a particular person, rather than a group of officers or even the entire police force. Note 3: The meaning of the word 警官 must be inferred from the context. A comparison of the Chinese and English language versions of the organizational hierarchy of the Hong Kong police force suggests that the character 官 refers only to operational officers of some rank. Included among these are station sergeants and various levels of inspectors and superintendants. In addition, the character 官 always appears in combination with two other characters included in the term 指揮官 . As the tern 警官 never appears, is it not likely unofficial, popular nomenclature for a 指揮官 of some sort? Even the term 警察 is not included among the official titles of Hong Kong police officers. The official titles of lower ranking officers include 指揮 and 警員. In English the term 警員 refers to a police constable (the lowest ranking police officer -- i.e., an ordinary policeman or policewoman who walks a beat). It can also refer to a senior constable. When written alone without the additional character 官 the term 指揮 refers to an ordinary police sergeant. At the lower end of the force the cut-off between an officer with the title 官 and one without this title occurs between the station sergeant 警署警長 （官）and an ordinary sergeant 警長 . At the higher end of the force the cut-off occurs between an assistant commissioner 助理處長 and chief superintendant 總警司（官）. In Hong Kong, police officers frequently rotate from station to station. It may be that a 警官 is a more stationary 指揮官 who enjoys special status at a particular station -- perhaps a station sergeant. Source: http://www.info.gov.hk/police/hkp-home/chinese/org/index.htm Source: http://www.info.gov.hk/police/hkp-home/english/org/index.htm Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1584312
２０）「香港的警察會說英文嗎？」那位外國人問。	That foreigner asked, "Can Hong Kong police speak English?" Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is 「Ｂ嗎？」Ａ問 where Ｂ嗎？is a question posed by Ａ for which he/she is looking for a Yes/No type of response. The absence of either a conjunction or punctuation between the quoted statement/question and the originator of the statement/question appears typical. The corner brackets are a sufficient grammatical link. In this case what is asked is placed before the verb indicating the inquiry. This grammatical reversal can be found in many languages and is hardly unusual. In the absence of greater context the order is unimportant. Note 2: The base pattern of the question is Ｂ的Ａ會說Ｃ嗎？The speaker asks whether Ｂ的Ａ can (knows how to, has the ability to, is able to, etc.) speak Ｃ. Ｂ的Ａ is the subject of the question -- namely, the Hong Kong 香港的 police 警察. Ｂ的 is an adjectival phrase that modifiesＡ. Both Ａand Ｂare nouns. Note 3: In the verb phrase 會說 the 會 character serves as the modal (can) to the main verb 說 (speak) . The character 會 does not bear the meaning of "association" or "group" in this context; rather, it indicates the notion of "ability" or "know-how". Note 3: The effective meaning of 英文 in this context is probably 英語. In Chinese one frequently sees the word 文 (written language) where one would expect to find the word 語 (spoken language). For example, in a similar context a Japanese would typically say 英語, 日本語, or フランス語, whereas the Chinese often says 英文，日文, or 法文. The written word is very prominent in the Chinese notion of language, as there is probably no other language in the world more difficult to read and write. In order to overcome this barrier Chinese spend an enormous amount of time learning written Chinese. Note 4: The phrase 那位外國人 means, of course, "that foreigner". The character 位 is the polite form of 個 and is used as the counter for people. 那 assumes the role of a demonstrative pronoun, and 外國人 (an alien -- someone from outside the country) is, of course, the Chinese word for foreigner. Note 5: The character 問 must not be confused with the character 間. The former means to ask or inquire; the latter has a variety of meanings whose explanation can be found elsewhere. Source: http://www.proz.com/kudoz/1587162

上