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文法b
| １１）我穿了睡衣服在睡房裡睡午覺，因為 天氣太熱，所以睡不着。 |
I put on my pyjamas and took a nap in my
bedroom,
but I could not sleep, because it was so hot.
Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is
Ａ，因為Ｂ，所以Ｃ where Ａ is an event whose outcome is Ｃ, and Ｂ is a condition
that influences that outcome. In this case the speaker's desire to take
a nap is thwarted by the heat of the day. Once again, this sentence
construction resembles very much that of the Japanese pattern Ａは、B。
Note 2: The base pattern of the first clause is
ＡＢ了Ｃ在Ｄ裡Ｅ where ＢＣ is something that Ａ has done, and then does Ｅin Ｄ. In
this case the speaker 我 changes into his or her pyjamas 穿了睡衣服 and then
takes
a nap 睡午覺 in a bedroom 在睡房裡.
Note 3: The second clause is perhaps best written as
因為Ａ，所以Ｂ, where the hot weather 天氣太熱 is the cause of the speaker's
inability to fall asleep 睡不着.
Note 4: The phrase 睡午覺 appears to be idiomatic.
Note 5: The phrase 睡不着 appears to be less idiomatic
and is of the pattern Ａ不着.
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| １２）房子裡這麼熱，怎麼你還說不覺得？你真是一個沒有知覺的人。 |
The room is so hot, and you still say
that you do not feel it? You are truly a person with no sense of
feeling.
Note 1: The pattern of the question is Ａ，怎麼Ｂ? where Ａ is a condition
that gives rise to the question 怎麼Ｂ? The conditions is a room
that is very hot 房子裡這麼熱, and the question is about how the listener can
state that he or she does not feel the heat 怎麼你還說不覺得.
Note 2: The phrase 房子裡 refers to the inside of the room. There is no
need for the prepositional verb of location 在 because there is no
reference to anyone or anything inside the room. One is simply talking
about a condition of the room.
Note 3: The phrase 這麼熱 is of the pattern 這麼Ａ where Ａ is an attribute of
the room described by the adverb phrase 這麼 meaning so.
Note 4: The question is in the form of direct speech; what follows the
word 說 has not been placed in quotation marks.
Note 5: The word 還 in this context appears to indicate insistance with
regard to the speaker's interpretation of the listener's claim.
Note 6: 覺得 form a single word meaning feel. So 不覺得 must mean not
feel.
Note 7: The pattern of the speaker's concluding remark is
Ａ真是一個Ｂ的人, where Ｂ的 is a relative clause that describes 一個人.
Note 8: 知覺 apparently refers to knowledge through sensation or touch --
namely, perception. Thus, 沒有知覺 apparently refers to someone without
this knowledge -- a person without a sense of feeling.
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| １３）他的英語，日語，跟國語都說得很好，他在那裡學的？ |
His English, Japanese, and Mandarin
are all spoken very quickly. Where did he learn them?
Note 1: The base pattern for this question is Ａ，Ｂ？ where Ａ forms the
basis for the question Ｂ. This pattern is that of the Japanese Ａは、Ｂ.
The speaker wants to know, where the person learned to speak so quickly.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first clause is Ａ，Ｂ，跟ＣＤ得Ｅ, where Ａ, Ｂ,
and Ｃare three languages spoken by a person in the manner Ｄ得Ｅ.
This is a passive construction in which the objects of the verb 說
are placed before the verb.
Note 3: The base pattern for the
question is Ａ在那裡Ｂ的（Ｃ）？where Ａ在那裡Ｂ的 is a relative clause that describes
the understood subject of the previous clause -- namely, 他的英語，日語，跟國語,
and Ｂis the activity in which Ａ engages so as to achieve Ｃ. In effect
the
entire question consists of a noun for which the speaker requests
qualification -- namely, the location(s) at which the languages were
learned.
Consider only the phrase Ａ在那裡Ｂ written as the question 他在那裡學？This
translates as "Where does he study?" or "Where did he study?"
Note 4: The expression 那裡 translates as either "Where?" or "there". In
this instance it clearly translates as "Where?"
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| １４）他寫字寫得很不錯，可是寫錯了很多字，不認錯，這是他的過錯。 |
He does not write badly, but after
writing many characters incorrectly, he fails to recognize his
mistakes. This is his weakness.
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ａ，可是Ｂ，Ｃ，這是Ｄ, where Ｂ and Ｃ
are unexpected given the condition outlined in Ａ. 這是Ｄ summarizes the
contradiction.
In this case Ａ is the fact that the person under discussion does not
write badly. The contradiction contained in Ｂ and Ｃ are that he does
not recognize his errors. The speaker then concludes that his failure
to recognize his mistakes is his true error. The sentence appears to
play on the many possible interpretations of the word 錯.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first phrase is ＡＢＣＢ得Ｄ, where Ａ is the
subject who performs ＢＣin the manner Ｂ得Ｄ.
In this case what the person in question 他 writes 寫字 is not written
badly 寫得很不錯.
Note 3: The phrase 不錯 means not bad, or without error.
Note 4: The base pattern of the unexpected result from the previous
condition is given by （Ａ）Ｂ了Ｃ，不Ｄ, where Ａ is the understood subject 他 of
the verb phrase Ｂ了Ｃ indicating that after having written many
characters mistakenly 寫錯了很多字, the person fails to recognize his
mistakes 不認錯.
Note 5: The phrase 寫錯了很多字 is special insofar as the verb is a compound
verb followed by an accusative object. As it is a completed action the
word 了 is inserted between the compound verb 寫錯 and the accusative
object 很多字.
Note 6: The base pattern of the conclusion is 這是Ａ, where Ａis the
person's failure 他的過錯 and 這 refers back to the entirety of what came
before.
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| １５）香小姐喜歡穿五顔六色的衣服，你喜歡甚麼顔色的？ |
Miss Hoeng likes wearing colorful
clothing, what is your favorite color?
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ａ喜歡Ｂ的Ｃ，你喜歡甚麼Ｂ的（Ｃ）？, where
B is an attribute of Ｃthat is different for Ａ and the listener 你. In
this case the attribute is color 顔色, and the speaker wants to know
which
color of clothing 甚麼顔色的（衣服） is liked by the listener.
Note 2: The phrase 五顔六笆 means colorful. Thus, the phrase 五顔六色的衣服 means
colorful clothing.
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| １６）白小姐喜歡紅色的花，可是她姐姐喜歡黃色的。 |
Miss Bak likes red flowers, but her
older sister likes yellow ones.
Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is Ａ喜歡Ｄ的Ｃ，可是Ｂ喜歡Ｅ的Ｃ, where Ａ
and Ｂ are two different people that like different types of Ｃ --
namely, Ｄ的Ｃ and Ｅ的Ｃ. In this case the conjunction 可是 is used only as
contrastive conjunction.
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| １７）紅海，紅河，紅茶跟紅以服，是不是都是紅顔色的？ |
The red sea, red river, (red/black)
tea, and
red clothing are all red in color, aren't they?
Note 1: The base pattern of this question is ＸＡ，ＸＢ，ＸＣ跟ＸＤ，是不是都是Ｘ的？,
where the speaker wants to confirm that Ｘ truly is an attribute that Ａ,
Ｂ, Ｃ, and Ｄ share in common.
In this case Ｘ is the attribute red, and the things that share this
attribute in common are a sea 海, a river 河, tea 茶, and clothing 以服.
Note 2: The rhetorical question is indicated by the phrase 是不是 which
conveys no additional meaning other than that a rhetorical question has
been asked.
Note 3: The phrase 紅顔色的 is apparently an abbreviation of the phrase
紅顔色的東西 -- things that are the color red.
Note 4: Although the terms 紅顔色 and 紅色 can be used interchangeably in
many cases, they associated with very different meaning in others. For
example, 紅色 is often used in relationship to matters regarding the
communist party.
Note 5: As the term red tea is a poor tranlation of 紅茶 it is
tempting to simply drop the term altogether.
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| １８）黃金，黃海，黃河都是黃色的？ |
Are gold, the Yellow Sea, and the
Yellow River all yellow?
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is ＸＡ，ＸＢ，ＸＣ都是Ｘ的 where Ｘ is an
attribute of Ａ, Ｂ, and Ｃ about which the asker is uncertain.
Note 2: The absence of the rhetorical question found in the previous
question suggests less confidence on the part of the speaker.
Note 3: Here the word 黃色 appears rather than 黃顔色. Like 紅色 and 紅顔色,
these two expressions can be used interchangeably in some situations
but
not in others. For example, 黃色 is often used in reference to
pornography.
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| １９）他喜歡藍色的東西，深藍的，淺藍的他都喜歡。 |
He likes blue things. Whether they
are dark blue or light he likes them both.
Note 1: The base pattern for this sentence is Ａ喜歡Ｃ的Ｂ，ＤＣ的，ＥＣ的Ａ都喜歡, where
Ａ is someone who likes Ｃ的Ｂ in both ＤＣ and ＥＣ forms. Ｄ and Ｅ are
attributes of Ｃ that is in turn an attribute of Ｂ.
In this instance Ｄ and Ｅ are dark (deep) and light (shallow) attributes
﹣﹣ 深 and 淺 -- of the color blue 藍色. Ｂ are things 東西 that are blue in
color 藍色的.
Note 2: Neither 深藍 (dark blue) nor 淺藍 (light blue) require the word 的
to indicate modification.
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| ２０）那個穿布衣服的人是誰？是個賣布的，可是他賣花布，不賣藍布。 |
Q: Who is the person wearing cotton?
A: The one selling cotton-wear, but he sells printed cotton-wear,
not blue.
Note 1: The base pattern of the question is Ａ是誰？
where Ａis the person about whom the speaker seeks to find out more. It
translates simply as "Who is Ａ？"
Note 2: The base pattern of Ａ is 那個Ｂ的人 where Ｂ的 is a relative clause
describing the person, and 那個人 refers to a specific person. In this
case the person is the one wearing cotton clothing -- namely,
穿布衣服的.
Note 3: The base pattern of the reply is Ａ，可是Ｂ，不Ｃ, where Ａis the
answerer's direct response, and Ｂ，不Ｃ is a qualifying statement that
clarifies Ａ.
In this case the answerer tells the asker that the person is a seller
of cotton-wear 賣布的, but that he sells cotton prints 賣花布 -- not blue
cotton 不賣藍布 which is apparently that for which the asker is looking.
Note 4: The presence of the word 個 in the answer 是個賣布的 is apparently
optional. If retained, however, it can be interpreted negatively
meaning "merely a" or "just a".
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