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文法a
| 紅色，黃色，藍色的花邊我都有，可
是沒有肉色的。 |
I have red, yellow, and blue lace, but I do not
have any that is flesh in color.
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is
Ａ有，可是沒有Ｂ, where Ａ describes what the speaker has, and Ｂ describes what
the speaker does not have.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first phrase is
Ｃ，Ｄ，Ｅ的ＢＡ都有, where Ｃ,Ｄ, and Ｅare colors of lace 花邊. The colors
are presented in the form Ｘ色的.
Note 3: Of striking grammatical importance is the
order of the accusative objects 紅色的（花邊）, 黃色的（花
邊）, 藍色的花邊 with respect to other word elements of the first
clause. The objects appear before both the subject 我 and the
verb 有, but there is no passive voice. This phenomenon can only
be explained by the presence of the adverbial modifier 都 that
forces that to which it refers to the beginning of the sentence.
Note 4: The construction of the second clause is very
familiar, as the subject in the first clause is understood and the verb
of the first clause is repeated with negation. Thus, we observe the
simpler base pattern for the whole sentence as Ａ有Ｂ，可是沒有Ｃ.
Note 5; Finally the object of the second clause is
understood and is the same as the object of the first clause -- namely,
花邊. Thus, we have （Ａ）沒有Ｃ的（Ｂ）, where Ａ and Ｂ are the subject and the
object of the first clause, respectively.
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| 但願天下喜歡笑的人常笑，病人不再
有病那就好了。 |
That people who enjoy laughing
would laugh, and that sick people would no longer be sick. Wouldn't it
be
great?
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is 但願Ａ，Ｂ, where the
expression 但願 indicates that a wish is to follow. It is a two part wish
indicated by the phrases 天下喜歡笑的人常笑 and 病他不再有病那就好了.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first wish is Ａ的人常笑 where Ａ的人 are
people who like to laugh 喜歡笑的他 and the phrase 常笑 refers to their
laughing all of the time.
Note 3: The base pattern of the second wish is Ａ不再有Ｂ,
where Ａ refers to sick people 病人 and 有病 to the notion of being
sick. The expression 有Ｂis commonly used in conjunction with nouns
often rendered in English as predicate adjectives.
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| 他說：「她笑的時候，眼也在笑。你
聽過這樣的形容法沒有？」 |
He said, "When she laughs, there is
laughter in her eyes. Have you not heard a similar expression to
this before".
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ａ說：「Ｂ」where Ｂis something
said by Ａ that the speaker offers as citation.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first cited sentence is Ｂ的時候，Ａ也在Ｃ,
where 也在Ｃ apparently refers to something that occurs to Ａ, when Ｂ
occurs. It is not certain whether 在笑 means that there is laughter in
her eyes or that her eyes are laughing. In either case 在 appears to
function here as a verb in conjunction with 笑.
Note 3: The base pattern of the second sentence is 你Ｂ過Ｃ沒有？where the
speaker asks the listener whether he/she has not heard 聽過沒有 a
similar expression 這樣的形容法 before. In this case Ｂ is of course 聽
and Ｃ is the similar expression 這樣的形容法.
Note 4: The expression 形容法 apparently refers to the way or manner 法（子）
of describing 形容 her eyes when she laughs.
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| 我的交親每年都去旅行，所以很多新
奇的東西他都見過。 |
My father goes traveling every year.
As a result he has seen many new and strange things.
Note 1: The base pattern of the sentence is Ａ，所以Ｂ, where Ａis the
antecedent to what follows in Ｂ. In this case the speaker's father
travels ever year, and as a result he has seen many new and strange
things.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first clause is Ａ每年都去Ｃ, where 去Ｃ is
something that Ａgoes and does every year -- in this case, travel.
Important to note here is the redundant construction 每年都. One would
think that the adverb 都 would be unnecessary, insofar as the idea of every
is already expressed by 每年 -- namely, each year.
Note 3: Also, curious is the construction 我的交親. Unless one were making
reference to other fathers in addition to one's own, the possessive
phrase 我的 appears unnecessary.
Note 4: The base pattern of the second clause is similar to what we
have seen before, where the accusative object is placed before the
subject and verb in the presence of 都. Once again, this is not passive
construction. Thus, the base pattern assumes the form 很多Ａ他都Ｂ, where
Ａare the many objects of the verb Ｂto which 都 refers.
Note 5: One can only wonder about the exact meaning of 東西 in this
sentence. Does it only refer to objects, or does it also refer to
events and happenings that one is likely to witness in one's travel?
This is of course the broader sense of the word things in this
context.
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| 他生病，怪不得他昨天沒有來。 |
He has fallen sick. It is not
surprising, as he did not come yesterday.
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence is Ａ，怪不得Ｂ, where Ａis the
reason why there is no wonder about Ｂ.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first clause is ＡＢ, where Ａis the
subject 他 and Ｂis the verb phrase 生病 meaning to become sick.
Note 3: The base pattern of the second clause is Ａ, and 沒有Ｂ is the past
negation of the verb 來 meaning to come.
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| 每年新年，他都帶了他十個孩子到朋
友家去拜年，你明白他的意思嗎？ |
Each year during the New Year's
celebration he takes his ten children to his friend's house. Do you
know why?.
Note 1: This sentence is made up of two parts: a statement and a
question. The first comma appears unnecessary , but for the fact that
the time of occurrence of the event in which the subject performs his
activity is placed before the subject. Usually it is placed after the
subject but before the verb. The second comma separates the statement
from the question. In so far as the question would hardly be meaningful
without the statement they form a single unit.
Note 2: The base pattern of the first sentence part is
每年新年Ａ都帶了Ｂ到Ｃ去Ｄwhere Ｃis a place to where Ａ takes Ｂto perform Ｄ. As this
act is performed every year we observe the combination 每天...都, which
changes somewhat redundantly the expression 每 from each to every. The
subject of the sentence is, of course, 他 and the place and activity are
朋友家 and 拜年, respectively. 朋友家 is a friend's house and 拜年 is a formal
visit undertaken by many Chinese families during the New Year's
celebration. 他十個孩子 are what is taken -- namely, 他's ten children. As is
usually the case 他 refers to an unidentified third person whom the
speaker knows.
Note 3: The question is of the form 你明白Ｂ嗎？ where Ｂis something about
which the listener is asked to respond. The speaker wants to know
whether the listener understands the reason 意思, why the third
party 他 takes his children to his friend's house -- in short,
his reason 他的意思.
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| 黃太太很喜歡花錢，日常用的東西她
有很多，連不常用的也不少。 |
Mrs. Wong likes to spend money very
much. In addition to the many useful things she has, she has many that
are not.
Note 1: The base pattern to this sentence is Ａ，Ｂ，連Ｃ in which Ａ
introduces the statement Ｂ，連Ｃ. Once again we observe the standard
Japanese construction Ａは、B.
Note 2: The base pattern of the introductory clause is Ａ
喜歡ＢＣ, where Ａis the subject 黃太太, who enjoys doing ＢＣ. In this case Ｃis
the direct object of Ｂ, where Ｂis money 錢 that Ａlikes 喜歡 to spend
花.
Ｎote 3: The base pattern of the second sentence part is
Ｃ的ＢＡ有很多，連Ｄ的（Ｂ）（Ａ）也（有）不少, where Ｃ的Ｂis something of which Ａ has many, and
Ｄ的（Ｂ）are something of which there are also a large number. Ａ and Ｂare
apparently understood in the clause that follows the additive
conjunction 連. The placement of Ｃ的Ｂ and Ｄ的Ｂat the beginning of each
clause apparently serves a dual purpose: on the one hand, it makes
clear what is being added, and on the other it facilitates the
nonrepetition of the understood subject （Ａ）and verb （Ｂ）.
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| 連日來，天氣都很壞，我們的心情都
不很好。 |
For days the weather has been poor,
and so has been our mood.
Note1: The base pattern for this sentence is
Ａ，Ｂ都Ｃ，Ｄ都Ｅ, where Ａis a temporal adverb that introduces two similar
conditions ＢＣ and ＤＥ. In this case Ｃ and Ｅ represent two similar
states: 很壞 and 不很好.
Note 2: The temporal adverb 連日來 means for the past several days. The
phrase 連日 means consecutive days, and the phrase 連日來 tells us that they
just occurred.
Note 3: The combination of characters 心情 apparently refer to a
condition of the heart -- say, one's spirit, mood, or élan.
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| 醫生沒有說清楚我有甚麼病，他告訴
我天天吃藥就是了。 |
The doctor did not say clearly what I
have. He told me to take medicine everyday, and I would be OK.
Note 1: The base pattern of this sentence Ａ沒有Ｂ，他Ｃ, where 他 is a pronoun
that refers back to Ａ, and Ｂ and Ｃ are different verb phrases. The
phrase 沒有 serves as an indicator of a negated past.
The single Chinese sentence has been rendered as two separate English
sentences, in an effort to avoid what appears to be a cultural
difference. Whereas someone in the West might quickly take offense with
a physician who presribes medicine without a clearly stated diagnosis,
this is far less likely in East Asia, where the wisdom of the
prescribing physician is seldom brought into question. Thus, what could
easily be translated as "The doctor did not say clearly what I
have, but told me to take medicine everyday, and I would be OK." might
convey the wrong meaning depending when taken out of context.
Note 2: The phrase 清楚 in the first clause is used as an adverb to
explain the unclear manner in which the physician provided his
diagnosis. It is used in combination with the phrase Ａ沒有説清楚Ｂ, where
我有甚麼病 is what the physician 醫生 failed to say clearly.
Note 3: The base pattern of the second clause is Ａ吿訴我Ｂ，whereＢis what
the physician 他 has told the speaker 我 to do -- namely,
take medicine everyday 天天吃藥.
Note 4: It is unclear why the phrase 就是了 has not been set off from the
phrase 天天吃藥 with a comma, as it is an idiomatic expression of
encouragement that often goes untranslated, as it adds little new
meaning. Here it has been rendered as "It will be OK!"
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| 張先生說：「你看清楚那個難看的女
人沒有？」謝先生說：「她就是我的太太。」 |
Mr. Zhoeng says, "Can you see that
ugly woman clearly?" Mr. Tse says, "That woman is my wife".
Note 1: The base patterns for the first and second sentences are
basically the same Ａ説：「Ｃ?」and Ｂ說：「Ｄ。」where Ｃ and Ｄ are a quoted
question and answer, respectively.
Note 2: The first sentence is a play on the expressions 看淸楚 and 難看 that
are not the kind of opposites one might first expect. The first has to
do with seeing something clearly; the second with that one prefers not
to look at.
Note 3: The construction 看．．．沒有？ appears to mean the same as 看不看.
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